تارﺎﻴﺧ ﻦﻣ ﺪﻳﺪﻌﻟا ﻂﺒﺿ ﻚﻨﻜﳝ ،ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا هﺬﻫ ﻲﻓ
ﻂﺒﺿ تارﺎﻴﺧ ﺾﻌﺑ ﻂﺒﺿ ةدﺎﻋﻹ .ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا ﻂﺒﺿ
.
ﻊﻨﺼﳌا ﻂﺒﺿ ةدﺎﻌﺘﺳا
ﺮﺘﺧا ،ﺔﻴﺿاﺮﺘﻓﻻا ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا
٣١
א א
א
تارﺎﻴﳋا ﻦﻣو
ﺔﻤﻐﻨﻟا ﻂﺒﺿ
<
ﻂﺒﻀﻟا
<
ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا
ﺮﺘﺧا
:ﺔﺣﺎﺘﳌا
ةدراﻮﻟا تﺎﳌﺎﻜﳌا ﺔﻤﻐﻧ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ -
ﲔﻧﺮﻟا ﺔﻤﻐﻧ
تﺎﻤﻐﻨﻟ تﻮﺼﻟا ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ -
ﲔﻧﺮﻟا تﻮﺻ ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ
ىﻮﺘﺴﻣ
ﻂﺒﻀﺑ ﺖﻤﻗ اذإ .ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ تﺎﻤﻐﻧو ﲔﻧﺮﻟا
ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا رﺪﺼﻳ فﻮﺳ ،ﻰﻠﻋأ وأ ٢ ىﻮﺘﺴﳌا ﻰﻠﻋ
ﲔﻧﺮﻟا تﻮﺻ
ىﻮﺘﺴﳌا ﻰﻟإ ١ ىﻮﺘﺴﳌا ﻦﻣ ،يﺪﻋﺎﺼﺗ تﻮﺻ ىﻮﺘﺴﲟ ﺎًﻨﻴﻧر
.ةدراو ﺔﳌﺎﻜﻣ لﺎﺒﻘﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻋ ﻚﻟذو ،ﻪﻄﺒﻀﺑ ﺖﻤﻗ يﺬﻟا
ﺔﳌﺎﻜﻣ مﻼﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺰﺘﻬﻴﻟ ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا ﻂﺒﻀﻟ -
زاﺰﺘﻫﻻﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺘﻟا
ﺔﻴﺼﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر وأ
مﻼﺘﺳا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺔﻤﻐﻨﻟا راﺪﺻإ ﻂﺒﻀﻟ -
ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ ﺔﻤﻐﻧ
ﺔﻴﺼﻧ ﺔﻟﺎﺳر
ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ،تﺎﻤﻐﻧ راﺪﺻﻹ ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا ﻂﺒﻀﻟ -
ﺮﻳﺬﺤﺘﻟا تﺎﻤﻐﻧ
لﺎﺜﳌا ﻞﻴﺒﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻏرﺎﻓ ﺔﻳرﺎﻄﺒﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ
א
.
ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟا ﻂﺒﺿ
<
ﻂﺒﻀﻟا
<
ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا